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Sinergias educativas
January - March Vol. 7 - 1 - 2022
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eISSN: 2661-6661
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Approved: December 02, 2021
Changes, impact and consequences of
the pandemic from the teaching
perspective of a University for the
Elderly
Modificaciones, impacto y consecuencias de la
pandemia desde la perspectiva docente de una
Universidad para Personas Mayores
Fernández-Loyo Luis Mario
*
Javier Eduardo García de Alba-García *
Elva Dolores Arias-Merino*.
Abstract
Population aging is an achievement and a challenge for public and private
institutions. Within active aging, the World Health Organization has
promulgated lifelong learning as the fourth component of a better aging
where the University Programs for the Elderly are the most affected by
confinement. The teachers of these programs had to adapt to the change
and modify their teaching-learning methodologies. Therefore, the
objective of this study is to understand the meanings and senses of the
teachers' experiences as a result of the pandemic in the University System
for the Elderly of the University of Guadalajara. A qualitative methodology
was used, referring to a case study with phenomenological interpretation
that allows a construction of the meaning that a person gives to an
experience. The results show that the virtual transition complicates the
transmission of knowledge, the teachers of the University System for the
* Master's degree. University of Guadalajara,
Guadalajara, Mexico. Email:
luis.floyo@alumnos.udg.mx, https://orcid.org/0000-
0001-6215-2956
* Master's degree. University of Guadalajara,
Guadalajara, Mexico. Email: javier_91046@yahoo.com,
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4731-5304
* Master's degree. University of Guadalajara,
Guadalajara, Mexico. Email:
luis.floyo@alumnos.udg.mx, https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-4265-5489
Article
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Elderly had to modify the teaching-learning methodology, and the
pandemic was able to enhance losses as well as gains.
Keywords: Pandemic, teachers, University for Older Adults.
Resumen
El envejecimiento poblacional es un logro y un reto para las instituciones
públicas y privadas. Dentro del envejecimiento activo, la Organización
Mundial de la Salud, ha promulgado al aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida
como el cuarto componente de un mejor envejecer donde los Programas
Universitarios para Personas Mayores son los más afectados por el
confinamiento. Los docentes de los dichos programas tuvieron que
adaptarse al cambio y modificar sus metodologías de enseñanza-
aprendizaje. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio es comprender
significados y sentidos de las experiencias de los docentes a raíz de la
pandemia en el Sistema Universitario para el Adulto Mayor de la
Universidad de Guadalajara. Se realizó una metodología de corte
cualitativo referente a un estudio de casos con interpretación
fenomenológica que permite una construcción del significado que una
persona le da a una experiencia. Los resultados refieren a que la transición
virtual complica la transmisión de conocimientos, los docentes del Sistema
Universitario para el Adulto Mayor tuvieron que modificar la metodología
de enseñanza-aprendizaje, asimismo la pandemia logró potenciar pérdidas
como ganancias.
Palabras clave: Pandemia, docentes, Universidad para Mayores.
Introduction
Currently there is a great scientific, technological and industrial
progress by contemporary society, thus producing a high life
expectancy in relation to past decades. Old age and the concept of
aging became important in the second half of the 20th century as a
social issue, a concern for aging in a good way and without the least
possible decadence. Thus, providing opportunities for a dignified life
with a perception of a good quality of life became a necessity for a
large part of the population. The task of reversing this deficit begins
with the exercise of rights, enforcing the framework of constitutional
guarantees without discrimination based on age, physical condition,
social status, gender, which are part of the struggle for civil and
human rights, where the issue of education is vital.
In the case of the elderly, special designs and programs are required
to realize and fulfill the right to education. Thus, the University
Programs for Older Adults (PUAM) should be based on a new model
of development of old age, where this stage is understood as a time
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of life full of possibilities, in which activity and participation become
the basis for personal development to go through old age with
energy.
Beliefs about the conditions for learning in old age are strained by
the meanings of learning acquired in early socialization and the
change in perspective that older people experience with respect to
learning. Thus, more and more older adults are entering higher
education to learn more than just the contents of the subject matter,
so the reasons that this age group seeks education and the challenges
they face in doing so are very important.
In 1968, one of the most important books on pedagogy in the world
was published under the authorship of Scagnoli, (2006). This text
was the spearhead to understand under what guidelines education
was, its foundations, didactics and what was the course to be taken
from the point of view of the author, who made a division between
society, what he called: oppressors and the oppressed. Camacho
Gutiérrez & Vega Michel, (2016)In this text, he makes a division
between society, what he called: oppressors and the oppressed. In
the first group, the aim is to become aware of the reality in which the
individual lives, how the oppressed would always be subject to the
determinations of the oppressors. At the other extreme, it underlies
the initiative of the oppressed to confront the oppressors and free
themselves from the malpractices that were present.
From the point of view of Quijije, (2018) we are faced with an
education with a banking concept. The banking conception of
education aims to transform the minds of individuals so that they can
better adapt to real situations and thus master them more easily.
Therefore, the more passive they are, the more creativity and
freedom are diminished, thus stimulating innocence and setting the
tone for oppressors to emerge as generous subjects. It is there where
the individual stops fighting for their interests and convictions,
denotes little openness to the curiosity of learning, as if life had no
meaning to be lived. (Marúm-Espinosa & Reynoso-Cantú, 2014, p.
23).
In today's education, it is necessary to transcend to virtuality, the
methodology proposed by the teachers is really admirable in these
educational programs for the elderly. However, in this transition
there were some specific events that are relevant as an educational
experience after the pandemic, among those mentioned, we can highlight
the losses that this confinement had in relation to the modification of
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face-to-face classes for the elderly and how it was transited in this
journey. Another issue is, incredibly, the gains that were made when
the pandemic took over the face-to-face classes and turned them into
virtual ones, the seniors emerged and opted for this modality so as
not to lose the sense of belonging they have with the University, with
their classmates, but above all, with themselves.
Lifelong learning is an organizing principle of all forms of
education, including formal, non-formal and informal settings.
Formal learning is understood as learning that takes place in
education and training institutions, leading to the achievement of
diplomas and qualifications. On the other hand, non-formal learning
occurs in addition or alternatively to formal education, generally in
local community contexts, the workplace and through the activities
of civil society organizations. Informal learning is experiential
learning, also called incidental or random learning, which occurs in
daily life, the family, at work or in the community and is mediated
by people's interests or activities. Tobón, (2019) This concept is
based on the fact that learning is not pigeonholed to a specific period
of life, but rather that it forms a corpus of two senses, on the one
hand horizontally, which includes learning from the cradle to the
grave. On the other hand, vertically, under humanistic and
democratic values such as emancipation and inclusion. The key point
is to ensure relevant learning beyond a traditional schooling system.
Thus, lifelong learning should be offered under a range of accessible
possibilities, favoring the incorporation of age groups with fewer
educational opportunities, including uneducated adults, the female
population, the elderly, the unemployed, among others.
The above, inviting the generation of action links by various groups
at the international, national and local levels, including universities,
governmental and non-governmental organizations, which
recognize, value and favor lifelong learning.
Although some educational programs for the elderly have been
consolidated within the Mexican territory, there is still a need for this
action to reach all corners of the country, given that the times of the
elderly are different, and therefore, these educational contexts
become a reason to want to continue living and not grow old.
There are 18 universities in our country that offer an educational
program for seniors, which are located in the following institutions:
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Universidad
Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Universidad Autónoma del
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Estado de México (UAEMx), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo
León (UANL), Universidad de Guadalajara (U de G), Benemérita
Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Universidad Autónoma
de Yucatán (UADY), Universidad Mexiquense (UMEX) and
Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala (UATX).
Another four in private universities: Universidad Regiomontana
(UR), Universidad Iberoamericana de Puebla (IBERO), Universidad
Marista, Universidad del Sur (US). And five more by public
administration agencies, the Mexico City delegations (Xochimilco
and Benito Juárez) and two state DIFs (Puebla and Edomex).
The above have had to reinvent themselves as a result of the
pandemic, which has left various signs of both losses and gains
towards a hybrid or blended education that allows interaction
between students and teachers. On the other hand, the teachers of the
Universities for Older Adults have had to modify the way of
transmitting knowledge and how to get older people to learn even in
the virtual world.
Materials and methods
Type of qualitative study. In the field of social sciences, readers can
conceive this methodology as the way to acquire knowledge about
the social world. Qualitative research has specific relevance for the
study of social relations, due to the fact of the pluralization of life
worlds. This pluralization requires a new sensitivity to the empirical
study of problems. Villagómez, (2016) case study design with
phenomenological interpretation. Berríos & Omaira, (2009) points
out that the case study is an empirical investigation that studies a
contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially
when the boundaries between the phenomenon and its context are
not clearly evident. A case study research successfully deals with a
technically distinctive situation in which there are many more
variables of interest than observational data.
In-depth interviews were conducted with 6 teachers of the University
System for the Elderly (1 woman and 1 man) to learn about their
experience as a result of the pandemic and how their teaching-
learning methodology was modified in the various workshops,
courses and diploma courses offered to the elderly.
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Subsequently, a phenomenological analysis was carried out in the
Atlas ti version 7 software, which aims at a literal transcription of
interviews for a subsequent content analysis divided into 3 phases:
Coding phase. The transcripts will be read to generate the
first codifications of the text and group them into
categories. And thus assess whether there is a saturation of
content.
Category triangulation phase. A consensus will be reached
among those responsible for this research on the categories
of analysis.
Phase of obtaining and verifying results. A content analysis
will be carried out at the pragmatic, semantic and syntactic
levels.
Results
Through the in-depth interviews conducted with teachers of the
University System of the Elderly, it has been possible to categorize
3 major themes that arise around this topic. The first of these has to
do with the main changes in teaching that have arisen as a result of
the pandemic and, in addition, the responses that the main actors in
this study were able to implement. The second theme is the effects
on the University System of the Elderly in its transition to virtuality.
And last but not least, are the gains left by the change from face-to-
face to virtual, which must be mentioned.
It is inevitable to mention that in the transition from face-to-face to
the virtual world, new forms of learning had to be implemented,
especially in the platforms that allow concentrating a group of people
to carry out a class. Thus, teachers in the first instance had to develop
new fields of action, new teaching-learning tools, which implied an
important challenge not only for teachers with more years of
experience, but also for young people who were having their first
approaches in front of a group, and in this specific case of a group of
older people.
Another great challenge was to transfer the knowledge that was
provided in person and had that human contact that characterized the
SUAM classes to a new way of transmitting the contents where the
main medium was a computer "transferring all the lectures from
physical to virtual was also a great challenge, fortunately we were
already doing it but it was a very big challenge, to digitalize
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everything, to have the equipment for the lectures.... and the other
thing is that the experience, although virtually is very good, it does
not replace the experience, that is, we know that they do not learn as
much or there is not as strong feedback as we have in person,
virtuality has the limitation that you cannot live in the same way as
in person, there is a transmission of knowledge but being two hours
in front of a flat screen, in 4 walls is boring... tiring and even more
for an older adult" (Luis, SUAM teacher).
Consequently, the teachers' problem with virtuality is precisely that
they do not manage to get older people interested in the course, so
they have implemented certain strategies to promote greater
creativity in the dynamics of the classes, so that older people do not
have an overload of work and do not become disinterested in a
virtual semester. "Virtuality does not help our classes, it limits them
a lot, so we have tried to put more experiences, different videos,
change teachers so that it is not just one teacher, but two or three, we
have had to look for creativity".
Affectations in the University System for the Elderly in its transition
to virtuality. In order to achieve a concentration of SUAM students,
it was necessary to manage accounts in digital platforms that would
allow them to enter a sufficient number of students without time
limit, which implied a significant expense for the University System,
considering that the aforementioned does not charge any fee for
teaching the classes and the material is fully covered by the
University of Guadalajara through SUAM.
On the other hand Gavilanes et al., (2019) y Barros-Bastidas &
Gebera, (2020)the main affectations of SUAM are related precisely
to the digital platforms of education and their lack of knowledge on
the part of the elderly "in the first classes, the answers are always
very homogeneous: they cannot connect to the internet, the internet
is bad, they do not have access to the program, that is frustrating for
them, entering the classes with a mood that is not ideal, in person
they are very happy, very cheerful, now they are worried because
they do not press, or they want to participate and the audio is not
heard or they have muted their microphone, 15 minutes later they
find out that they were not being heard, things like that".
Despite having interactive videos for seniors to learn how to
familiarize themselves with the platforms and at the same time to
potentiate lifelong learning, the lack of knowledge of the digital era
was very specific in this group, causing problems that could occur
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on one or more occasions during the course. "the technological part
affects a lot to this generation of older people, to express themselves,
to coexist in the way they want, what we try to do is the first classes
to focus on those limitations that we know will not be solved in 2 or
3 classes, it can be continuous throughout the semester".
It is important to highlight that for the teachers, the gains they had in
these virtual semesters is that they managed to reinvent the teaching-
learning methodology that they had planned and that not only made
it possible for seniors to stay in SUAM, but also for the number of
students to grow thanks to the fact that the platforms can host a large
number of students at the same time.
On the other hand, not only were students from the Guadalajara
Metropolitan Area registered, but 6% of the total number of SUAM
students from different parts of the Mexican Republic were able to
enroll and remain, which implied breaking down educational
barriers and which resulted in a monumental enrichment of the
classrooms, both for students and teachers.
"The gain was to make our virtual courses, books, videos... we
believe that this can reach more people we increased the quantity,
maybe not the quality, but it reached more people, the goal is that
SUAM is the starting point but not the goal, that is to say that more
older adults can be trained in gardens even if they do not go to
SUAM, they can download it from Facebook, YouTube or even in
another language so they can download that activity or that
workshop."
Discussion
It is important to note that an educational experience involves
various elements that can condition it, in this case for example, as a
result of the pandemic there were many changes within a University
for the Elderly, which implied new challenges for teaching that will
undoubtedly remain for history.
While there are disadvantages to a virtual environment, there is also
the desire to remain in an educational context, older people ask to be
heard to return to the presence and to share with their peers a little
sparkle, anecdotes and love that make old age and aging more
enjoyable.
Admiration for all those teachers who faced new strategies and tools,
the training of these systems undoubtedly highlighted the differences
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and disadvantages that we have in our country to generate distance
education.
Reaching more corners of the country with SUAM is the most
notable achievement that the teachers envision, since the overall
objective is that the elderly obtain tools for a better aging and
enhance their quality of life. The simple fact of having more than
100 students per class spread throughout the country is simply
fabulous. On the other hand, more and better socio-political and
administrative conditions are required for older people to continue
to participate in these university systems. Learning from the
experiences of other countries is important, but in Mexico, lifelong
learning as an essential component of active aging is gaining strength
and it is extremely important to guarantee the rights of older people
to exercise their education, only then will societies be able to
transcend.
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